Hi,
The missing Code Signature is an OS install issue rather than a server issue.
Also although we were "promised" iCloud integration Messages and the iMessages Account is yet to be an iCloud app.
I have tried Little Snitch version 4 in High Sierra and my version for the File Transfer process has a Code Signature.
So does the IMRemoteURLConnectionAgent that handles the Login process.
It seems a process will run without a Code Signature.
It also seems possible though that there checks to make sure you are logged in properly which then may effect other processes governed by the same app.
From the picture above my Brother Printer works.
From evan.v's picture, further above, it seems his IMRemoteURLConnectionAgent does not have a Code Signature but he appears to be logged in but still cannot send pictures.
The Code Signatures appear to be in the folders where the executable file is.
Some Hard drive Name/System/Library/Frameworks folders have Code Signature files in based on the process name.
In Hard drive Name/System/Library/Messages/Plugins there are three Plugins one of which is for iMessage
Deeper in this folder is a Code Signature for that process.
It would take a very long time to find each and every process and find if they have Code Signatures and even if they are working properly.
From what I can see a Reinstall might be the only option at the moment.

8:19 pm Sunday; January 7, 2018
iMac 2.5Ghz i5 2011 (El Capitan)
G4/1GhzDual MDD (Leopard 10.5.8)
MacBookPro 2Gb (Snow Leopard 10.6.8)
Mac OS X (10.6.8),
iPhone and an iPad (2)