Hi jon,
More or less what Wayne has already said, but looked at through the syntax of the various components of your formula:
SUM(CONCATENATE("10−",ROW(),"−2017")::E40)
Formulas containing parentheses work from the innermost set of parentheses to the outermost level, and within a single level, from left to right.
SUM(CONCATENATE("10−",ROW(),"−2017")::E40)
The innermost set here is the pair in the ROW function, which returns the number of the row containing the formula. For the analysis, we'll assume the formula is in row 2. The result is a number, 2
SUM(CONCATENATE("10−",2,"−2017")::E40)
SUM(CONCATENATE("10−",2,"−2017")::E40)
Concatenate acts on the list contained in the next set of parentheses, and combines the three elements into a single text string:
SUM("10−2−2017"::E40)
SUM(n1,n2,...)
SUM calculates the SUM of a list of numbers. The list may be presented as a comma separated list, or as a range of cells.
Your result, though, is a text string ("10-2-2017" followed by two colons (::) followed by what appears to be a reference to a single cell.
SUM cannot interpret this mixed message to the intended reference to the single cell E40 on the table named "10-2-2017.
It needs assistance from INDIRECT(), a function that translates a text string to an address. INDIRECT requires that the full address be presented as a text string, so CONCATENATE will need to act on '::E40' as well as the elements it is currently reading.
INDIRECT(CONCATENATE("10-",ROW(),"-2017::E40"))
As CONCATENATE is creating only a single cell reference (10-2-2017::E40), there is no need for SUM.

NOTE: ROWS 4 to 39 are hidden in the 10-202017 table to make it fit in the space available, The value each cell of column E is the number of its row.
The formula in the selected cell in row 2 of the table on the left is shown below the two tables.
I suspect what is done here is not what you are attempting to do. If that is so, please supply a more detailed description of what you want to achieve, and of the table(s) from which the data will be gathered,
Regards,
Barry
Note to Wayne: think your closing CONCATENATE statement is missing a double quote after 2017, OR includes an extraneous comma and double quotation mark between 2017 and the pair of colons.
B