I see that when you tap the Share button, you're not seeing the normal list of options available. I can certainly see how these missing options would impact your normal usage; I'd like to help.
As a first step, try restarting your iPhone to see if the unexpected behavior persists:
Restart your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support
Does this seem to occur with one app in particular or all apps that include the Share button? If this issue is consistent across multiple built-in iOS apps, I'd recommend reinstalling iOS as a next step. Before you do this, it's important to make sure that you have a current backup of your data. Take a look at this resource for more information on backing up:
How to back up your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch - Apple Support
Once your backup is complete, follow these steps to reinstall iOS using iTunes:
- Connect your device to a computer and open iTunes. If you don't have a computer, try to borrow one, or go to an Apple Store or Apple Authorized Service Provider for help.
- While your device is connected, force it to restart.
- On an iPhone X, iPhone 8, or iPhone 8 Plus: Press and quickly release the Volume Up button. Press and quickly release the Volume Down button. Then, press and hold the Side button until you see the recovery-mode screen.
- On an iPhone 7 or iPhone 7 Plus: Press and hold the Side and Volume Down buttons at the same time. Keep holding them until you see the recovery-mode screen.
- On an iPhone 6s and earlier, iPad, or iPod touch: Press and hold both the Home and the Top (or Side) buttons at the same time. Keep holding them until you see the recovery-mode screen.
- Don't release the buttons when you see the Apple logo. Keep holding until you see the recovery mode screen.
- When you get the option to restore or update, choose Update. iTunes will try to reinstall iOS without erasing your data.
iTunes will download the software for your device. If it takes more than 15 minutes, your device will exit recovery mode and you'll need to repeat steps 2 and 3.
If your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch won't turn on or is frozen - Apple Support
Take care.