My iPhone accidentally got disabled, I do remember my passcode but I can’t insert it and it says connect to iTunes. My main problem is that I want to unlock my phone without losing the data that was in it

Unfortunately, that is not possible. Disabling the phone is a security measure, often triggered by entering an uncorrect passcode to many times.

This article gives the options (none of which are non-destructive) If you forgot the passcode for your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch, or your device is disabled - Apple Support

One of the possibilities does include restoring a backup, but that does assume that you have a recent backup to work from. I fear from your question that you do not.

Whatever happens - in the future do backup in the future - either a backup to PC/Mac (in which case ensure it is encrypted - as encrypted backups are more complete) or to iCloud (backups are always encrypted) [ see How to back up your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch - Apple Support regarding backups]

Sorry but no. If disabled, your data is gone. All you can do is restore it iTunes or execute an iCloud remote erase to reset the screen lock passcode. The data is deliberately unrecoverable as a security measure so nobody can get your data.

The point of backups is they need to be made and kept up to date before an issue or disaster occurs. After something happens, it is usually impossible to safeguard your data after the fact.

Are you sure you had not enabled iCloud backups beforehand? Once enabled, iCloud backups occur automatically once every 24hrs when the device is in screen sleep/lock mode and plugged in to an external power supply.

No. Once it's disabled, it's too late. If you didn't have it backed up, the data is gone.