I had the same problem on iPhone 6; in my case the bottom microphone was broken.
I solved the issue replacing autonomously the Lightning Connector Module which contains the bottom microphone circuitry (total cost 65€).
Apple didn't offer me that service and asked me 339€ to replace the entire device; if you are lucky your iPhone is still in warranty and you can ask them for free replacement.
Further detail in my post in this thread: iPhone 6 Microphone not working during phone calls