View iCloud photos
How can I view my iCloud photos on my iPhone X?
iPhone X, iOS 11.4.1, view my iCloud pics on my iPhone X
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iCloud Photo Library is a syncing service. The photos on iCloud and on your iPhone are the same (except in some cases the copy on the phone may be a space-saving optimized version). You view them in the Photos app on the phone.
You can also use any internet browser on a computer and log in to www.icloud.com and use the Photos app there.
More information: iCloud Photo Library - Apple Support
If you don't have iCloud Photo Library turned on but do have iCloud Backup turned on, then the photos would be included in the backup. You cannot view the contents of an iCloud Backup. You can only use it to do a full restore of a device or to set up a new device.