Depending on the Windows and Outlook version used by a recipient, Outlook has always had problems with Mail's RTF. If this was a recent change with the same recipient, I'm not sure why unless the recipient installed a Windows or Outlook update or possibly due to a settings change.
Do you use a different font for your signature - different from the default message font chosen or does your signature include an image or graphic?
If not and you don't choose a font from the font panel when composing a message, the message text is sent as Plain Text so there isn't any change to text appearance when using Plain Text.
If not, adding attachments that appear inline or viewed in place in the message body - not below all message text including a signature will also cause the message to be sent as HTML when using RTF for message composition which seems to be a problem with Windows Outlook.
Using Plain Text should resolve it but if this is not an option for you and adding such attachments below all message text including a signature makes no difference either but selecting View as Icon does, you will have to do this for each such attachment or when sending multiple attachments, you can send a single zip archive of multiple attachments which can be done via the Finder.
Another option is using a plugin for the Mail.app called Mail Attachments Iconizer.
http://lokisw.com/index.php?item=MailAttachmentsIconizer
I prefer using Plain Text for message composition because when you compose a message in Plain Text, the receiving mail client renders the text in whatever font the reader chooses and avoids potential problems such as this. If everyone used Plain Text for message composition, the majority if not all problems experienced with email would be eliminated.