I have the same exact issue but different artifacts. Those artifacts appear simply even when previewing photos using only Finder by pressing space bar on the image in Finder. Opening them in Preview also shows the artifacts. Sometimes when I move back to the same photo, the artifacts disappear...
The interesting point is that in your original photo on the left, you can almost make a pattern that is represented by the artifacts on the right...
I ran diagnostics on my iMac (OK), then decided to erase my SSD, and reinstall Mojave fresh, the issue persists. I opened a bug report with Apple, which I recommend you do too at bugreport.apple.com (you need a free dev account)
I am stumped as I cannot edit any of my images, I will check if the issue happens with non HEIC photos.
iPhone X , iOS12, HEIC format
MacOS Mojave 10.14
iMac (Late 2013), 3.5Ghz/i7, 24Gb/1Tb SSD