Did you ask your new carrier to port your old phone number? It could be that your phone is using a temporary phone number issued by your new carrier until the old phone number comes over.
Anyone who knows your temporary phone number can ring you, but I suspect not many of your friends know it. Friends with Apple devices have another way to reach you -- via Facetime. Even though you have a "foreign" SIM in the phone, you are signed into iCloud with your same Apple ID. Apple users' phones don't care that the phone number is not working because they reach you via Apple ID over the internet and not through any cellular network.
When your phone number catches up with your new carrier, everyone will once again be able to reach you on that number.