Yeah, I tried deleting the calendars in iCal and re-synching to them via Calaboration, but the same problem persisted.
I did find the solution after a bit of experimenting, though. To solve it, I basically created a new calendar on Google Calendar, imported all my events from my old google calendar into it, then used Calaboration to sync iCal to the new Google calendar, and now I can edit events in iCal and GCal without problems. I don't actually know what the problem WAS, but this seems to have solved it. Maybe I made my original Google Calendar too long ago and it had some old bad settings I couldn't see? I dunno, but it doesn't matter now.
For those who might have this same problem, here's how I transferred my old Google Calendar events into a new Google Calendar without losing anything: (You actually don't need to delete your old Google Calendar at all if you don't want to, so there's no reason to worry about losing your events.)
1. In GCal, click the "settings" link at the top right of the web page. Then select the "Calendars" tab. Click the "Export My Calendars" link, which should be under your list of calendars, next to the cancel button. This will download a .zip file to your computer, containing all of your google calendars as individual .ics files. Go ahead and unzip them so that the .ics file for the calendar you want to duplicate is sitting in a folder somewhere on your computer.
2. Now In GCal, click on the "Create" link on the lower righthand side of the "My Calendars" box, which is on the lefthand side of the screen.
3. Create a new blank calendar and name it whatever you want. This is the blank calendar into which you will import your old calendar's events.
4. Now, in GCal, click "Add" at the bottom right of the "Other Calendars" box, which is under the "My Calendars" box on the left side of the web page.
5. Select "Import Calendar".
6. Click "Choose File" and browse to the .ics file you want to duplicate on your computer.
7. In the "Choose Calendar" pull-down menu, select the new, blank calendar you made in step 3.
8. Click Import. This may take a few minutes, depending on the number of events you have in your .ics calendar file.
9. Once it's done, look at the calendar to make sure your events all came into your new Google Calendar ok. It should look exactly like the original google calendar, but it will be a different color.
10. NOW, use Calaboration to sync your iCal to the New Calendar you just made in Google Calendar.
11. Once it's done synching, you should be able to edit events in the calendar in iCal.