The Nikon D300 uses CompactFlash cards, which (as you've discovered) are larger than the MBP's Expresscard slot. There are CompactFlash card readers that will plug into the Expresscard slot, but the card itself and much of the reader will project out a couple of inches from the body of the computer. Such a reader is expensive, bulky, fragile, awkward to transport, and quite vulnerable to accidental damage when it is in position for use. Your other choices are (1) a USB card reader (I have a $10 multi-format reader to handle the five different card types that my cameras and other devices use; it's more compact and much more durable than any ExpressCard CompactFlash reader I've seen) or (2) connecting your camera with the card inside it directly to your computer. For the latter procedure, see your camera's instruction manual.
There is no physically smaller card format that you can use in the D300.