Clicked on a phishing link. How do I know if my iPhone is now infected

I clicked on a link in one of the emails noted in the link below.

https://postalinspectors.uspis.gov/radDocs/consumer/Beware%20of%20Scam%20Alert.pdf

I saw a notification that said my iPhone was now locked and a progress bar suggesting that something was loading. I pressed the home button and restarted my phone which seems to be fine now. The notice from the postal service says that a malicious virus may be installed. How do I check and/or fix that?