I wasn't able to find out what happened. In the end, I went to my older Mac, where the album would play. I suspect this is because I used this Mac originally to upload all my music that I didn't purchase through iTunes, and a lot of it is still downloaded to my machine, this album being one of them. So I archived the song files to be sure they weren't deleted, then removed the album from iTunes on that machine as well as my phone. Then I re-imported the album from the archive, and it propagated to all my other devices. So it's a hack that certainly won't always work, but it happened to get me out of this situation.
I suspect the issue is just some corruption in the file on Apple's servers and without a specific cause it's basically impossible to diagnose. Also, this is an album that is not available in the iTunes Store or via Apple Music, so it points to something specific within iTunes Match as being the culprit.