MacBook Pro 15” will not stay on with charged battery

That error message COULD be a False Alarm:

Mac notebooks: Apple Hardware Test may report "HDD" alert - Apple Support

If it passes other tests, and you do not have other drive issues, do not lose any sleep over it. Note that Disk Utility should be named Disk Directory Utility. It does not read or check anything outside of the Directory area of the drive.

Re: Battery

You may need to reset the SMC once again or several more times. Be certain that you use the keys on the correct SIDE of the keyboard, as the ones on the other side with the same labels are not "wired in" and will not give the desired result.

How to reset the System Management Controller (SMC) on your Mac - Apple Support

If that does not fix the problems, you should look more carefully at battery parameters, In addition to:

 menu >about this Mac > (system Report) > Power

... Coconut Battery is often suggested here.

The Apple Hardware Test appears to be telling you the hard drive has failed. Run DriveDX to see if it reports your drive as bad to confirm the failure. If DriveDX reports it as good, then please post a screenshot of the "Health Indicators" and see if any errors are listed on the "Errors Log" tab of DriveDX.

If the drive is failing, then you want to get your data off it as quickly as possible if you do not have verified working backups. It would be best to boot from an external drive or put the laptop into Target Disk mode to connect it to another Apple system to do this as it lessens drive wear on the failing drive. Turning Spotlight off is also recommended so the other system doesn't cause more wear while retrieving the data.

Carbon Copy Cloner (CCC) is a good app to use as it can ignore errors and also log the items it could not copy. It also allows you to choose which data to copy so you can get the critical stuff first (may need to use the Advanced mode interface). If too many errors occur or the copy is taking way too long, then stop as the drive is getting worse. At this point there would only be two ways to proceed in retrieving data (special cloning software --not CCC or SuperDuper, etc., or a professional data recovery service). If the data is critical and you don't have backups, then a professional data recovery service is your best option. The more you use the drive the harder it will be for them to recover data.

This could be the source of your random system shut downs, but your drive could have been this way a long time if the failure isn't severe. I'm not sure it would explain the power on issues though. It is possible the battery you have does have an issue (especially if it is a third party battery) and only manifests at power on. Good third party batteries are hard to find.

I believe this model laptop also had known NVidia GPU issues. There is a slim possibility it could be starting to fail.

The procedure you describe is not correct for any Macintosh. When the article says a 'Macintosh with a removable battery' they mean a battery can be removed in 6 seconds without any tools other than a dime. I think the last of those were the white MacBooks, about 2008.

You should be using the procedure for Macbook Pro computers that do NOT have a removable battery. It requires the power adapter connected, and only holding down a combination of keys on the keyboard and the use of the power button.

One big problem (in addition to sometimes horrendous production quality) is that YouTube Videos do not get subject to any serious scrutiny. There is no way to know what is great advice and what is cråp. There are now some YouTube Video produced by Apple, and they appear to be excellent.

Your Drive looks fine. It is certainly NOT the cause of these power problems.

This is not intended to cast aspersions on you, but the recommendation to do this multiple times comes from the inability of Users to follow these directions TO THE LETTER, plus sometimes it does not work "just because". So if it does not seem to have done anything, do not give up until you have done the procedure a handful of times.

What it does is make sure the System Management Controller has re-derived the device tree, taken careful note of the up-to-the moment parameters of the battery (as reported by the micro-controller in the battery), and all internal devices are starting from the same point.

If you hold the Option key while powering on the laptop you get the Apple boot picker menu. While this is displayed if you perform the SMC reset, the laptop will power down. Best way to know if it worked. The Magsafe LED should also go dark for a second, but sometimes is hard to tell.

Your battery is the most likely source of the problem and the only way to know for sure is to try another one. Good reliable Lithium Ion batteries are hard to find. Even Apple has had quality issues with them and Apple is much more particular about quality than the third party ones. Since the issue only occurs while running on battery power I think it is a safe bet.

As for your MX300 SSD, it appears healthy, but I would highly recommend you update the SSD's firmware. I've personally seen problems on any firmware older than M0CR060, but I don't believe it has caused you any issues yet. You will need to download the manual firmware updater ISO from the Crucial SSD support site and create a bootable USB drive from the .iso file using Etcher.

I should add, that the Apple Hardware Test fails because it is only expecting a standard hard drive. It doesn't know about SSDs as they weren't an option for this system.

Yes, when the Magsafe LED changes colors it should mean it reset.

This brand of battery may be a good brand, but it doesn't mean there couldn't be a defect. Besides if it isn't the battery, then it may not be worth repairing. There is a slim possibility you are starting to see signs of the GPU issue which was common on the NVidia GPUs for this laptop. If the laptop runs without issue on the power adapter, but shuts down on battery power, this is the most likely part to replace first and the cheapest & easiest.

HWTech-

<<If the laptop runs without issue on the power adapter, but shuts down on battery power, this is the most likely part to replace first and the cheapest & easiest.>>

The pronoun "this" in your last sentence is not as clear as it could be. Exactly which component are you suggesting should be replaced first?

Thanks for the clarification.

<<I'm unable to edit the previous message.>>

You only get about ten or twenty minutes, then the ink dries.

The only way to modify after that is to add an erratum slip in a later message. (been there, done that, many many times -- occasionally for omitting the word NOT, which is really embarrassing.)

Recently I've been getting batteries from a vendor who does not sell direct to the public. In the past I have purchased batteries from MacSales, but I've gotten some bad batteries from them. PowerBook Medic and iFixIt are reputable vendors as well, but usually don't have much stock. The best source of batteries for Macs has been Apple. All of the third party vendors I've tried (except for the one that does not sell direct to consumers) have had issues at one time or another. Your best bet for a battery is probably MacSales.com.

The reason I mentioned GPU issues is because the symptoms can be shutdowns & reboots IIRC. Even though you had the Logic Board replaced previously doesn't mean it doesn't have the same issue again with slightly different symptoms.