Adding some examples…
Using a separate table, and a category chart:

The chart i the same one used in your example, the 2d Line chart. Data feeding the chart is taken from column A of Table 2.
Table 2 contains this formula, entered in cell A2, and filled down.
Table 2::A2: IF(ROW()>ROWS(Table 1::B),"",INDEX(Table 1::B,ROWS(Table 1::B,headers)−(ROW()−2)))
The core part of the formula, shown in bold, reverses the order of the values in column A of Table 1. The IF statement, in which the core formula is wrapped, errors from extra rows on this table referencing non-existing cells on table 1, but does not prevent these 'empty cell' rows from being included in the chart as additional categories for which space must be allocated. This doesn't happen in the example, as a fixed number of selected cells (shaded blue) is feeding data to the chart.
If you want to always show ALL available data on the chart, this method will require continual maintenance to match the number of rows on Table 2 to match the number of rows on Table 1.
If you want to show a FIXED NUMBER of most recent data points, the formula can be revised to feed only the n most recently added (ie. those in the first n rows of Table 1) to the chart, starting with the nth most recent. That setup would require no regular maintenance.
Using an 'order' column, added to the main table (then hidden)

Table 1-1 in this image is not used in the solution. It is a duplicate of Table 1, showing the table as it would appear with the 'order' column hidden.
Column A ("order'") of Table 1 is added, and the formula below entered in A2, then filled down that column.
A2: ROWS(B)−(ROW()−1)
The chart in this example is an x-y scatter chart, with column A providing the x (horizontal) values and column B providing the corresponding y (vertical) values. The chart is set to collect all pairs of values from these two columns, then to graph each pair as a data point on the chart. In the Series panel of the Chart Inspector, the connection line between data points was set to "straight"
The chart will grow as new data is added to the table. As it grows, the newest datum (placed in the new row 2) will be placed at the left, and all other data pushed one step to the right, with the chart automatically adjusting the scale of the x-axis to maintain the current size of the chart, as in the example below after two data have been added:
Regards,
Barry