Most current SATA drives do not ship with jumpers. Even if they do, I've never had to touch them as the jumpers were mainly for locking the interface speed to SATA I.
Depending on how the hard drive cable is failing some drives may work better than others. Please connect your drives externally to see if they work or just replace the cable as it is not expensive. If the drives work externally, then the issue is confirmed (99%) to be with the internal hard drive cable. Apple proactively replaced these cables for free regardless if a problem had been reported. That should tell you something right there as I've never known Apple to replace a part proactively before. Just search this forum and you will find hundreds of threads where a people with seemingly bad drives begins to work after replacing the internal hard drive cable.
As I've said, I've used Hitachi drives in lots of Macs without any issues. Apple even uses the Hitachi drives. Laptop hard drives are just laptop hard drives. They are old & "reliable" technology and a hard drive will just work. Now an SSD on the other hand is a much different story.