Yes, it seems you've been brainwashed... it's a shame the Android faithful are able to pass off so much pap as truth. Beating falsehoods into peoples brains until they're accepted as truth by those who don't know better.
Let's take things in order: Is there anyway to search recent calls
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Not really, but the recent calls list only holds the last 100 calls. Searching in Spotlight will find specific numbers that are in your recent calls list. I guess I'm not sure what you would be searching the recent calls for, exactly... Can you clarify?
How do I shut off WiFi or Bluetooth from the control center? Anytime I click on them through the control center they don’t actually turn off. I don’t get it... I have to go to settings to truly shut them off. That’s insane. Is there a way to fix this?
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That's the way it works. Why do you feel the need to shut them off at all? If you're doing it because you think they suck power when they're not being used, that's false. They don't. You're also not doing anything to enhance the security of your device by shutting them off. I can see very legitimate reasons to disable them for a period of time, but shutting them off entirely serves very little purpose and leads to more confusion for users because they can't figure out why they're blowing through cellular data, for example, when they forget they turned wifi off and never turned it back on again.
How do I change the size of the keyboard? I want to make it taller.
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You don't.
How do you change the camera view to full screen, instead of the small view it has by default?
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iPhone photos conform to accepted standards for picture size ratios. You're being shown what the photo will actually contain.
Is it just me or is iOS extremely difficult to navigate? Everyone who uses iPhones tells me iOS is intuitive, coherent, and user friendly. Being a longtime Samsung user I strongly disagree.
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Of course there is going to be a learning curve while you transition from the interface you're used to.
iOS may not be perfect, there are certainly quirks and inconsistencies, but in my experience it's far more consistent and easy to use than almost any Android device, especially when you consider that most Android vendors customize the interface on their devices to differentiate themselves from others... thus, there is no such thing as a "standard" Android interface. Put down your Samsung and pick up another brand of Android phone and you may find yourself just as put off as you seem to be by iOS at the moment.