You can use the 2 phones and the Mac on the same Apple ID.
If you use a new ID on the work phone and decide to change it to your existing ID, there may be some data loss, but you can minimize it. If syncing photos with iCloud, ensure Optimization is turned off in Settings/Your Name/iCloud/Photos and/or in Photos/Preferences/iCloud. Then make sure full resolution photos are on the device/computer. When signing out of iCloud, if asked whether you want to retain data, choose yes. Messages conversations will be lost if they are addressed to the ID. See the article below for other places that the old ID should be removed. Also see Winston Churchill's response in the below discussion
How to transfer all files from one iCloud account to another
Apple ID email address or password - What to do after you change