In iPhone the password can only be changed , but cannot be saved and found in some locations and can be physically read and you can't bring back the same password particularly in iphone , if you had been using a Mac and signed in with same Apple ID and password in system preferences > iCloud , the password for Apple ID can be physically read if you had set up iCloud Keychain https://support.apple.com/en-in/HT204085
In Mac you had to open keychain access , tap the section of icloud , double click on Apple ID , click the box of show password , it will prompt to enter admin password see this article https://support.apple.com/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201487
But that is not your case , your iPhone is damaged , to reset password use a web browser , if you don't own it borrow from a friend or visit apple authorised service centre , open a new tab ( use command and T keys ) and see the steps in this article https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201487
Note : the purpose of using a new tab is the friend or service centre guys must have with their own Apple ID and password in system preferences > iCloud , and to use your id they might hesitate to sign out their id and then permit your id to get signed in , this can be done but its a lengthy procedure , for that without signing out their id use a new tab .