which album(s) contains a specific photo

You would need to open each album and batch-add a key word bearing the name of the album, to all the photos in the album. Then, in the Photos library you can click on the key word symbol in the upper right of the photo to reveal all albums that contain the photo.

-- Rich

You could run an Apple Script to search in all album for the filename of the photo:

For example: How to find out the albums a photo is in:… - Apple Community