When connecting my iPhone X to my Sony car stereo via usb cable, it doesn’t work

Checking it's user manual: https://www.sony.com/electronics/support/res/manuals/4427/44271101M.pdf

On page 10, iPhone is not listed, so it doesn't seem to support iPhone or charging for that matter:

You can purchase a USB charger that plugs into the car's aux (cigarette lighter style) socket.

USB Devices:

• MSC (Mass Storage Class)-type USB devices compliant with the USB standard can be used.

• Backup of data to a USB device is recommended.

• MSC (Mass Storage Class)-type AndroidTM Phone compliant with the USB standard can be used.

Depending on the Android Phone, setting the USB connection mode to MSC is required.

Sounds like the Song head unit doesn't support charging on the USB port.

Did it ever charge your device?

I had a Sony head unit that had two USB ports, one for iPhone the other for Android.

Check if you have another USB port on your Sony head unit.

What's the model of your Sony head unit?

Doe your iPhone charge at home?

Try new cable, preferably an Apple cable, not a cheap aftermarket one.

Who "says" ?

the iPhone ? or the Sony head unit?

What's the model of your Sony head unit?

Too bad.

Sorry.