I have the same problem. Installed Catalina over a new Mojave installation
the fans go wild wenn the Macbook Pro is plugged to Energy and i am not working on it.
In Battery mode all is normal. Then i installed Catalina completely new.
I booted in recovery deleted the internal SSD and installed Catalina.
All configurations are made new. Problem was gone! But after i put back my Music, Photos and videos,
and installed my Programms, the issue comes back. I don't have many Programms that could cause
such an issue. Adobe CC, Office 2019. The Activity App shows Photo library working in the Background
but after a certain time it has finished and nothing else consuming much CPU but the issue persists.
I tried everything like SMC reset, PRAM reset, etc. deleted start objects, but nothing helps
i have no 32 bit Applications, all are 64 bit.
Now i have changed my energy saver settings to 3 Minutes. That works because the background aktivity
begins after 4 minute's and the Macbook gos to sleep before they beginn.
The curious thing to me is that in secure mode or in a new user account or battery mode, this problem is gone.