Why is it so difficult to transfer photos from your iPhone to your computer?

You can use the "Import to your PC" instructions in the following link. You don't open the iTunes app to do that but it does need to be installed on the computer: Transfer photos and videos from your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support

An option that does not require iTunes to be installed is to use a 3rd party app: https://www.photosync-app.com/home.html

Yes...you can use Image Capture, Preview, Photos or iPhoto, etc.

Try Image Capture and see the options it offers also.

Transfer images in Image Capture on Mac - Apple Support

iCloud is absolutely mindless transfer to up to ten devices.

Hardest thing to do it turn it on. Fully automatic.

Right.

Use an Android app to download your photos.