I received several Apple ID verification codes last night by text. Should I do anything?

No, it is phishing. In a message Apple will always address you by your real name, never by your email address or Dear Customer. Also the sent-from address should be @apple.com or @itunes.com Additionally Apple does not send attachments.

Avoid phishing emails, fake 'virus' alerts, phony support calls, and other scams - Apple Support

Forward it as an attachment to reportphishing@apple.com

If you have 2 Factor Authentication enabled on your account, someone may be trying to sign into your account. Unless they can access one of your trusted devices to get a verification code, they won't be able to access your account.