iPhone randomly disabled itself

I was using my iPhone 8+ and when I went to open it up, I put in the password and it all of a sudden went to the 'iPhone is disabled' screen.

It was odd because that was the first attempt at the password. I was at home and the phone was on the table the whole time, so its not like the phone was in my pocket and was randomly pressing numbers.

Before I attempt to enter recovery mode and lose all of my data, is there any way at all for me to access/backup my data? This is my spare phone which I leave at home, and I've never backed it up.

And does anyone how this could have happened? I'm confident that I put the correct password in, and I only had one attempt before it got disabled.