It sounds like you downloaded the Catalina patcher and not the Catalina installer. The patcher is for patching an existing Catalina installation. The Catalina installer is made for upgrading an older version of macOS or to install macOS onto a freshly erased drive.
Besides the directions @John Galt provided, you can also boot into Internet Recovery Mode using Command + Option + R which will boot an online version of the Catalina installer.
Make sure to have a good working backup before you upgrade just in case something goes wrong.