Download from iCloud

You signed out the Apple ID from iPhone https://support.apple.com/en-in/HT208242

But forgotten to keep a copy of photos ( the box of photos box must be turned on ) , if you already had photos synced with iCloud server https://support.apple.com/en-in/HT204264

Then you signed in with same Apple ID and password in the iPhone https://support.apple.com/en-in/HT204053

Make sure you turn on the photos box this time , so that photos that were saved on the cloud server will start syncing .

Note : the photos didn't synced to the device as you had not turned on the box of it , but it doesn't mean they are lost from the server , they are saved on iCloud.com .

It would be good if you could do it on a computer. But, phone or computer, use Safari to go to iCloud.com, and sign in using your Apple ID. Then, click on Photos. Select the photos to download (using shift-click if and when you can) and use the download arrow. You may have to do this quite a few times.