Hey all, I was able to solve the crash on sleep issue, although my solution probably isn't ideal.
After creating a new partition and installing Catalina on it, I found I had the same issue still, so I tried to restore my device to a time machine backup pre-security update. This restore failed and left my computer essentially bricked.
To even be able to access internet recovery I had to restore the firmware on my Mac mini by connecting a 2019 MBP via USB-C and running Apple Configurator on the laptop. Apple has instructions detailing the process here https://support.apple.com/sq-al/guide/apple-configurator-2/apdebea5be51/mac
The restore process will wipe your HD, which was fine for me since it was inoperable anyway. Once restored, I was able to access internet recovery and download Mac OS, although, by default, it downloaded Catalina. I just took the plunge and stuck with the upgrade, however perhaps its possible to install 10.14 at this stage as well with a boot-drive, or downloading and partitioning your drive later, I just haven't tested it.
It seems the shutdown problems stemmed from a bug or corrupt line of code in the Bridge OS (since the T2 controls sleep and shutdown, its possible that trying to communicate these features from the T2 Bridge OS to the x86 processor created fatal errors.) From what I understand, Apple Configurator is the only way to reset the firmware of your device, which I have a feeling may involve reinstalling the Bridge OS as well.
Anyway, this is my solution, my Mac mini has operated as intended for the past 3 weeks now. Hope this helps!