For original images downloaded directly from an iPhone via Image Capture, or directly from my Nokia N9 mounted to the Desktop via USB, and dragged into the Pictures folder — in every instance, the Finder's creation date/time stamp matches the internal EXIF DateTimeOriginal stamp within the image. Do this on Linux, or Windows, and then transfer the image to Mac, and Finder won't use the internal EXIF timestamp, and will use the current time for the creation date.
For images originally saved from either phone source to my Mac, I see no change in creation date when the file is copied or moved on the same Mac, to iCloud Drive, or even AirDropped to another Mac. I have tested this thoroughly and cannot reproduce your issue based on the information provided.