A1286 covers multiple similar but distinct models. Enter your serial number here or here to get the exact model of your laptop.
Also try running the extended diagnostic by checking the box just below the "Test" button in your picture.
See if you can boot into Safe Mode.
In my experience the three most likely causes of the problem is failing hard drive, corrupt OS or file system, or a GPU issue (common with many 15" models). Perhaps the extended Apple Hardware Test will be able to reveal more.
If you cannot boot into Safe Mode or AHT doesn't find any other issues, then you can check the health of the hard drive by creating a bootable Knoppix Linux USB drive using Etcher (Mac/Windows/Linux). Option Boot the Knoppix USB drive and select the orange icon labeled "EFI". While Knoppix is booting the laptop may appear frozen on the Apple boot picker menu ("normal") so give Knoppix lots of time to finish booting.
If Knoppix reaches the desktop, then click on the "Start" menu button in the lower left corner of the Taskbar and navigate to "System Tools ---> GSmartControl". Within the GSmartControl app double-click on the laptop's hard drive icon to access the drive's health information. Post the complete health report here. GSmartControl also allows you to run the hard drive's internal self diagnostics. The short test usually only takes a few minutes while the long/extended selftest can take several hours depending on the size of the drive.
If Knoppix doesn't boot to the Desktop, but instead stops at a black screen with a command prompt, then let me know as I can provide other instructions for checking the health of the hard drive. If Knoppix boots only to the command prompt there is a good chance the GPU is failing. If this is the case, then there are methods to force the laptop to use the Intel GPU instead of the discrete GPU.