A 2009 laptop can only use up to macOS 10.11 El Capitan.
If you are able to boot the El Capitan USB installer, then make sure to first erase the physical drive as GUID partition and MacOS Extended (Journaled) as mentioned in the articles you linked.
I've seen several recent posts here where people have had issues using a macOS USB installer created by TransMac. Macs are also very picky about the USB drives used for booting so you may want to try using another brand of USB stick. A standard USB hard drive/SSD should work as well.
Also make sure your replacement drive is healthy by using GSmartControl on your Windows system if you have a USB to SATA Adapter, drive dock or enclosure. There is a portable version of GSmartControl so no install is necessary. Post the health report from GSmartContorl for your drive here using the "Additional Text" icon which looks like a piece of paper.
You may need to find another Mac so you can create a bootable macOS 10.11 El Capitan USB installer:
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201372
MacOS 10.11 is getting old so it won't be that useful for much longer since you must already use third party browsers because Safari is too outdated for many websites. You may want to consider installing Linux on the laptop. Linux Mint should be easy to install and should just work on this Mac. Kubuntu and Ubuntu Mate are another two options.
