You mentioned using Knoppix in your original post so did it boot to the Knoppix desktop at one point? Usually when Knoppix doesn't boot to the Desktop it is due to a GPU issue. I've only encountered this problem with Macs which had faulty GPUs. I haven't used Knoppix v8.6 on a 2009 Mac though so this could be a Knoppix issue with the newest version unless of course it booted fine for you previously. Unfortunately due to the way Macs boot the first Knoppix boot menu is unavailable to customize the boot parameters as suggested in the pictures you took.
We can, however, check the health of the hard drive from the Knoppix command line shown in your pictures. If you don't have the "#" prompt available, then try pressing the "Return" key to see if it appears. If pressing the "Return" key doesn't make a command prompt with "#" appear, then try pressing Control + C together. Try pressing Control + C a couple of times in case it doesn't register right away because the system is too busy.
Or you can switch to another terminal (TTY) by pressing Control + Alt + F3 to reach a command prompt.
If you have a command prompt, then just type the following command and press the "Return" key at the end of the line to execute the command:
smartctl -a /dev/sda | less
This will display the internal drive's health report. You can use the up & down arrow keys or a mouse wheel to scroll up & down the report. Take a couple of pictures of the report to post here.
Both a drive/OS failure or a GPU failure are consistent with the problems you are having booting macOS. I'm guessing the GPU is the culprit unfortunately there is no way to know for sure if the GPU is bad.