Does Apple every ask for Social Security number

Definitely not. What you saw was a scam.

Could you have provided any potentially damaging information to anyone? If yes, you'll need to follow up, for example, with a credit card company, Apple, Social Security, your bank, etc.

Is it possible that you gave your Apple ID password to the scammer? If yes, then 

Change your Apple ID password https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201355

Here is What to do after you change your Apple ID or password https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204071

And, see these security-related documents.

If you think your Apple ID has been compromised https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204145

Increase the Security of your Apple ID https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201303

iCloud security overview  https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202303

Ways to keep your information safe on Mac https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/mac-help/mh11402/mac

Use Two-factor authentication for Apple ID https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204915

If this is in response to an email you received, see below.

• Apple would not warn of a pending account issue, giving you a deadline to fix the issue. 
• Apple does not include document, or PDF files to download.
• Apple would not refer to you as Dear Customer, Dear Client, or anything other than the name on file for your account.
• Apple would not have such horrible spelling or grammar. 
• Apple would not send a message to “Undisclosed Recipients”. 

It is a phishing attempt. Do not respond. Do not divulge any personal or financial information. You can use the address below to forward the suspect email message, as an attachment to Apple.

reportphishing@apple.com

If you provided your Apple ID and password at the bogus site, change your password immediately.

  https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201355

The e-mail will be from @apple.com or @iTunes.com. E-mail addresses can be spoofed. You can go to Mail/View/Message/Show all Headers to see more. Apple e-mails will never contain an attachment. Apple will never request personal information by email such as Social Security numbers, your Mother’s maiden name or full credit card numbers . 

Yes if you are creating a new Apple Card.

Otherwise see the other posters comments.