Update: After resetting the chip several times and chatting with support (who recommended a full reinstall of the OS which I skipped because I was at <10%) I gave up and ordered new Apple™️ power USB-C cables in case the one I had decided to suddenly stop working. I leave the laptop plugged in and go to work.
In the evening I get home, open the package and prepare to quickly swap out the USB cable.
When I open the laptop, it's at 100%.
After using ~50% of the battery last night, I plugged it back in to the exact same spot and went to bed. This morning, I open the Macbook and I'm at 51% and battery is not charging.
I want to know how to get to the broken OS settings that control charging to I can set them myself.