Contact your cellular service provider , tell your first and last mame and other personal data to them , the mobile number can be obtained .
You used the same Apple ID and password of your old iPhone and trying to sign in new iPhone but the code goes to the broken iPhone and hence account can't be accessed .
Not necessary the account recovery is to be done every time , if one remember the old trusted number ( say 1234.... ) that is inactive , the person can visit the cellular service give his identification proof and issue a sim on behalf of the same number and insert the sim https://support.apple.com/en-in/guide/iphone/iph3f11fba92/ios in new iPhone that is purchased https://support.apple.com/en-in/guide/iphone/iph1fd7e482f/ios
The Apple ID and password is active so is the 2FA active on the iCloud server , once a new trusted number is added the code will start appearing on the new trusted number , and the person can access the account .
See the article https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204974