The problem you are having is that you did not erase your disk correctly, you have erased the Volume Macintosh HD
and installed Mojave on that leaving the Macintosh HD- Data disk intact with your Catalina files still on it.
You have to erase the entire Disk not just any one Volume to downgrade to Mojave.
Boot to your bootable USB installer with Mojave on it.
Open Disk Utility, click View in the menubar and select Show All Devices.
The left hand panel of Disk Utility will now show the Disk and all of its Volumes
which are indented.
Highlight the Disk (probably called Apple SSD ........) and click Erase.
Give the Disk a name.
Format: APFS
Scheme: GUID Partition Map
Click Erase.
When done quit Disk Utility.
Click on Install OS and press Continue, the installation process should begin
follow the prompts.
The you are ready to restore from Time Machine remember to only restore your
personal files and data. Do not restore any system or library files as this will put
Catalina back on your mac. Do not restore any apps as these may have been
updated to work on Catalina and will not work on Mojave.