Thanks for the report. You do have some software installed that I'm not familiar with so I don't know if it would cause any problems.
I do see you are using some Lexar proprietary software to manage some type of drive storage. You really should not need any third party proprietary software to manage any drives. External drives should be formatted as GUID partition and MacOS Extended (Journaled). If you need to share an external drive with Windows, then use Disk Utility to erase the drive as GUID partition and exFAT. Of course make sure to temporarily transfer any data on the external drive to another location before erasing the drive.
I've never seen the "macOS Mojave Patcher.app" before.
Make sure the Tuxeara software (is it part of the Lexar software?) is completely up to date. NTFS drivers have been known to cause stability and performance issues with macOS. Personally I would let macOS manage any external drives and uninstall this software.
Are you still having issues after having uninstalled Sophos?
Try running Disk Utility First Aid. I suggest running First Aid on the Container and not just the volume. To see the Container as an item to select you must first click on "View" within Disk Utility and select "Show All Devices". Select the Container in the left pane and run First Aid. Even if First Aid shows everything is "Ok" click on "Show Details" and look through the report to see if there are any unfixed errors listed. If there are, then it will require erasing the whole drive to make a fresh file system after which you can restore from a backup. For some reason Disk Utility will report everything is "Ok" when it really is not Ok.
FYI, check to see if your laptop qualifies for this Battery Recall:
https://support.apple.com/15-inch-macbook-pro-battery-recall
Here is the current list of all the publicly acknowledged free repair programs for various Apple products (some have multiple programs):
https://support.apple.com/service-programs