meschmitz,
Thanks for the update and clarification on what you're seeing. To troubleshoot this, we'd recommend making a current backup of your device, then using your computer to restore to see what options are presented afterwards.
Since you only have the option to restore in Finder, you'll likely need to use iCloud to back up. Reference these steps: How to back up your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch
Afterwards, restore using the option in Finder. Then, you can restore the backup you made: Restore your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch from a backup
If for any reason you still experience issues after these steps, reach out to Apple Support directly and they can assist further. Use this link: Get Support
Cheers!