Does cold air damage the apple iPhone charger?

In general, cold temperature is not expected to cause damages to simple electronic components like chargers. But if you left the charges (and other similar parts) outside uncovered in an extreme environment like having ice formed on them, it is likely that they will malfunction. However, we usually care more about its effect towards batteries when discussing freezing temperatures. Just beware that using an iOS device in very cold conditions might temporarily shorten battery life and could cause the device to turn off. Battery life should return to normal when you bring the device back to higher ambient temperatures. Appropriate operating temperature and other points to note can be found at https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201678. Since batteries are especially vulnerable to temperature, you can find out more information at https://www.apple.com/batteries/maximizing-performance/.

Don't forget you can always contact Apple at http://apple.co/getsupport or visit an Apple Store.