what is the iphone11 base model supposed to come equipped with? specifically re charging apparatus

it was my understanding that the iphone11 came with a cable equipped with the potential for more rapid charging, but required the purchase of a unique power adapter separately, in order to take advantage of said perk. I opted to make this purchase, yet was given a standard 5W power adapter which can only be connected with via a USB port, which the cable supplied with the iphone 11 cannot, in fact, connect with. i'm wondering if they (the apple store GENIUSES) simply brought me the wrong power adapter (knowing full well that it would be useless) or i'm missing something(s) else entirely - given that i am painfully aware of my own ignorance pertaining to such matters, I would welcome any elucidation on the subject. that said, I am at a complete loss as to how a nearly $700 phone does not come equipped with the necessary hardware to charge itself: is the interest in maintaining the battery life of said phone, so as to, you know, use it, over a sustained period of time, now considered an esoteric luxury? I am, horrifically, confused. thanks