Try using another keyboard in case the main keyboard has a problem.
Try booting into Safe Mode.
Try booting into Recovery Mode and running Disk Utility First Aid on the volume (if APFS is used, then it is better to run First Aid on the hidden Container which can be revealed after clicking on "View" within Disk Utility and selecting "Show All Devices".
Is this the only user account on this Mac? If you have other user accounts on this Mac, then try logging into the same user account you used to turn on Filevault. If the other user accounts were not added to the Filevault list of allowed users, then those other users won't be able to unlock Filevault. When turning on Filevault you should have been prompted to allow other user accounts (if any) by providing the passwords for those other user accounts.
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204837
You cannot disable Filevault until after the encryption process has completed.
Filevault should not prevent you from logging in unless perhaps you shutdown the Mac before the Filevault process got fully started. I think it may take a couple of minutes before the System Preferences actually begins to show the progress of the Filevault encryption process. If you happened to initiate shutdown before this happened, perhaps some part of the process failed to complete which now has you locked out of your data.
At this point if the other suggestions above don't help, then I think you will need to erase the whole physical drive before restoring from a backup or clone. You can try resetting the user account password, but I doubt this will help given what you have described here.
If you don't have a backup, then you will need to contact a professional data recovery service such as Drive Savers or Ontrack to see if they can possibly access your data. Both vendors provide free estimates and both vendors are recommended by Apple.
Edit: Even if First Aid reports everything is "Ok" click "Show Details" and look through the report to see if there are any unfixed errors listed. If there are unfixed errors, then it will require erasing the whole physical drive and restoring from a backup or clone.