Transferring data with a broken phone

I understand your situation, but iPhones don’t not utilize SIM information transfer systems like other phones.

you can transfer data by backing up onto iCloud and then login on the new phone. Or transfer directly between two phones via WiFi. Or the last backup onto a computer with iTunes and connect other phone. But not SIM.

You cannot backup or extract data from a broken phone.

If you didnt back it up before it broke then all your data is lost.

If a phone has only a broken screen then it can sometimes be repaired to get at the data but your risk wasting $200-400

This link will explain what systems or mediums Apple utilizes to transfer data from one device to another. SIM card isn't one of them... please follow the link. 👉🏼 Transfer data from your previous iOS device to your new iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support

Replacement first, then back up.