Encrypted data
How do I access my encrypted data if I forgot the password to my old phone
iPhone 11, iOS 14
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In the absence of details about what you are trying to do I would say in general you cannot since wherever the data is stored would likely require the same encryption key to unlock it. iPhones don't have passwords unless you are using the alphanumeric equivalent of a passcode. If you forgot the passcode to a device then you can only recover the device by completely ersing it first and restoring it from a backup, and that same backup could be used to restore your new device directly.
About iOS backups - http://support.apple.com/HT204136 - General information about IOS backups
About encrypted backups on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support - http://support.apple.com/HT203790