WiFi calling works with a cellular carrier by allowing traffic from your device to use the Internet rather than the cellular network to inject data into their system.
The SIM card only controls the cellular portion of the phone.
If their database isn't properly configured to allow packets originating from your device into their network, WiFi calling won't work.
Your device will be allowed onto their cellular network because of the SIM card,, but packets won't be allowed into their network from your machine via the Internet - the carrier's network is firewalled so it only accepts data from devices explicitly allowed to send that data to their network, and that is what seems to be failing.