Can I retrieve notes and application data on a lost iphone without a backup and the Iphone?

Any data held by an account such as notes, emails, bank data, some games may be accessible by signing into another device, but not messages, Whatsapp or photos unless they were backed up.

Anything only on the phone went down with it.

For example if Notes was turned on in your iCloud settings they should be there. If you had iCloud Photos turned on they will be there.

Your emails will be safe.

You will need to have your provider send you a new SIM on the same number or re-issue the eSIM code but I wouldnt worry about the normal lost and stolen routine.