So sorry for taking so long to reply, I keep getting locked out of my apple account! Back in now..
I'm not exactly certain what action fixed this for me but I restarted my laptop twice in the one day and then I realised they were back. I had restarted previously with no luck and because I was focused on another task I wasn't closely watching what was going on, there may have been an auto update installed on the restart but I can't say for sure.
Do you use Microsoft?
I've just started working with a client who is enterprise Microsoft 365 and they have set me up with an account that I have to use for all work with them. I have MS office set up on my Mac but I don't use Teams. Installing MS Teams under my client's 365 almost broke my Mac. I lost my preview icons again, I couldn't save documents to any drive except a MS cloud drive. I was using the client 365 in a different browser to any other work but it managed to get into my OS and cause so much havoc! It was so bad I've dragged out an old laptop to use in isolation and after logging out of the client MS account my icons came back again.
Might be a coincidence but when I searched for it, it seems a lot of people have had issues when having 2 MS accounts on one machine or, trying to use all the MS features on Mac rather than a windows machine.