Is there a way to see how fast my battery is charging like time wise? On my screen instead of just what percentage it’s at

No. There is no “time remaining” function. Your phone will fast charge to about 75%; depending on the charger you use that can take 45 minutes to an hour. It will then take another hour or two for full charge. The best practice is to charge your phone overnight, every night, with Optimized Charging enabled. For most phones and most users that will allow the phone to be used all day without recharging.

Well, the user can. But it varies depending on what is running when you are charging. The iPhone 11 and newer will charge to 50% in 30 minutes with a fast charger. But you should never let the phone go to zero, as doing that repeatedly will risk early battery failure or reduced capacity. You should never intentionally let the battery go below 20%, to avoid it shutting down if there is sudden high unexpected demand such as a long call. The battery in your screen shot is too low for safety.