No, but…
You can make a list of dates in one column and place a formula in the following column that gets the balance value from the cell where it is calculated or retrieved when the date in the cell in the first column matches TODAY's date (or more likely, when it matches the date on which that balance was calculated).
I'm assuming, in the last part of that statement, that you are using the STOCK function to retrieve the 'current' values of the securities in your portfolio, and are aware that the values it retrieves are the previous day's closing prices on each security, the sum of which would be the 'balance' on that day.
The main bar to an 'automatic' operation here is that formulas 'know' only 'now' and have no memory of past conditions. Acquiring the values in hose cells would happen without direct intervention by the user. Keeping those values might require selecting the cell, copying its content, then using Edit (menu)> Paste formula values to remove the formula from that cell and replace it with the last calculated value.
A better process might use an Applescript routine to collect the needed values, sum then, add a new row to the tale for the new date, and insert date and the sum for that date into their respective cells.
Can't give you any specifics on that , but there are a few talented scripters participating in this community who may provide such a solution.
Regards,
Barry