Had same issue here and took 2 working days to resolve...
First, excuse my english, I'm french :p
Noa250 solution didn't worked for me, although I use standard USB and no USB-C (don't think this is related)
After upgrading my laptop to a fresh installation of Windows 11, I noticed that my Airpods Case wouldn't charge as usual on Windows 10.
The issue lies in the driver used to connect the airpods case: C:\Windows\System32\drivers\hidusb.sys
On my current windows version (build 22000.469) the driver version is 10.0.22000.1
If you replace it manually with an old one (have to skirt many Windows securities), the issue disappear. (tested with a 6.xxxxx from windows 7). But you will encounter other USB issues (for example, my mouse wasn't detected anymore, such as other usb devices). I tried with a much more recent version of the .sys (10.0.16299.15) but issue was the same.
Solution was to change only usb driver used for the Airpods Case with Zadig!
I changed it for libusbK and it worked like a charm! (Had to 'show all devices' in 'options' to see the Airpods Case. You also have to plug it to see it in the list)
Airpods Case charges now continually and other devices still use original hidusb.sys (you can check it all with the usefull Nirsoft USBDeview)
PS: Many research for this issue also leads me to a very interesting 'plug-in' for Windows users with their Ipods -> Magicpods by Aleksandr Maslov on Windows store. It reproduce behavior of IOS Airpods on Windows with same design and very usefull options (such as autoconnect).