There are some things like that in the help menu in Finder. It has pictures of a window with labels, pointing out the parts.
For the items I mentioned in the answer, the Disk Utility guide will give you some basic info.
I’m not sure what you are asking, and I think I’ve probably gone too deep, but here is a discussion that ties all of that together.
A drive, solid state or hard disk, is a device or drive. It’s the physical item.
A drive must be formatted into a structure on which the operating system lays out the file system, i.e., folders which hold files. On macOS, the two primary formats are Apple File System (APFS) and Mac OS Extended (HFS+). APFS is new to macOS, but it has been on iPhones and iPads for years.
Stepping back, a drive can hold multiple file systems. To accommodate that, it uses a Partition Map to lay out where each begins and ends. Global Unique ID (GUID) partition table (GPT) is the system used on a Mac. A partition is a hard separation of a file system on a drive. Under APFS, Apple decided to call them Containers because they can hold multiple Volumes that all share the total storage in the container. It’s basically a “virtual” partition of a container. A volume is what you see in the Finder when you look at a drive, Macintosh HD, or some external drive. Those will show up in the Finder under Locations. I guess that is because those are locations where you can find file system objects such as files and folders. That section has changed names a few times, so if that doesn’t work for you, it could change in a few OS versions from now.
The volume that holds the Operating System (Monterey), is called the Startup or System Volume (or startup drive). There are several other volumes that make up the Operating System. Those are collected in the Startup Volume Group.
The hierarchy looks like this. The underlined part is what you interact with in the Finder (the visual interface to access your data, apps, etc.).
Device > Container > Volume > Folder > File.
The Finder window has a Toolbar combined with a Titlebar at the top of the Window. The left side holds the Sidebar which has aliases (shortcuts) to your folders, drives, and network shares. When you select something in the Sidebar, the content pane will show the files and folders in that object (volume, folder, network share). You can find commands to perform actions in the Menu Bar which is always at the top of the screen. It was designed that way because no matter how fast you move the mouse, it will always stop on your target in the Menu bar. The Dock is the bar at the bottom of the screen that holds aliases to your frequently used apps, folders, and files. You can arrange apps on the left and folders on the right.
A “file” is an organized collection of bytes that form an object in the file system. A file can be a text document, a Word document, an image. Really, a file is a wrapper for some content. A jpeg file holds an image that is stored in the JPEG format. A file is represented by an icon in the graphical user interface, Finder. It can also be represented as a string of characters.
If you “unwrap” a jpeg file by opening it in Preview, you see the image contained in the file. The “content” and file are often used interchangeably, but there is a difference between what is being stored (content) and how it is being stored (file type).
